J-B. Van Helmont discovered role of water for tree growth (17th cent.)
Joseph Priestly discovers that plants produce oxygen by photosynthesis (1780).
Jan Ingenhousz discovers role of light to produce oxygen (18th cent.).
Jean Senebier discovers carbon dioxide is taken up in photosynthesis (17th cent.)

The Chloroplast: stroma, grana and thylakoid stacks.

Photoexcitation: Photons raise electrons into a higher orbit.
    Fluorescence following photoexcitation.
    Two modes of energy transfer following photoexcitation.
        Resonance transfer from one molecule to another: "Trampoline effect".
        Electron transfer from one molecule to another.

The "Z Scheme: Two Photosystems in the thylakoid membrane.
    Photosystem I: Electron transfer from P700 to Electron acceptor to NADP:H
    Photosystem II: Electron transfer from P680 to Electron acceptor to P700.
                                   Electron transfer from H₂O to P680 and release of O₂.

Electron Transport Chain: Linking Photosystem II and Photosystem I.
    Chemiosmotic proton pumping into thylakoid space.
    ATP synthesized as protons flow out of thylakoids through ATP Synthases.
    Discovery of chemiosmotic mechanism by Jagendorf and Uribe (1966).

The Calvin Cycle: CO₂ fixation by "Rubisco" in the stroma.
    PC₅ five-carbon sugar converted to P₂C₅ by ATP so it can accept CO₂.
    P₂C₅ fixes CO₂ and immediately breaks down into two, 3-carbon acids.
    Each 3 carbon acid is converted into a triose by ATP and NADP:H.
    The two trioses combine to form the hexose, glucose.