IS 4386
THE BIBLE AND POLITICS
Spring 1997
Dr. Harpham
Time: TR 12:30-1:45PM
Office: Gr.3.520 Office Phone: 972-883-2044
Office Hours: TR 1:45-2:45PM and by appointment
e-mail address: harpham@utdallas.edu
The Bible is arguably the single most influential book in the history of western thought. Its themes and ideas continue today to shape the way we think about ourselves, the world, our communities, and our place in them. The purpose of this course will be to provide students with an interdisciplinary understanding of the Bible as a political text. It will draw heavily upon the literatures of theology, history, literature, political science, and philosophy. By bringing the perspectives found in these literatures together, students will gain a deeper appreciation of what the Bible has meant to people at different points in time and why the Bible has a complex message for people today.
The course will not be an analysis of "true" religion or of the development of any "correct" Jewish or Christian religious doctrine. On the contrary, the course will be concerned with showing the contentiousness of religious ideas and doctrines drawn from the Bible over the past 2500 years. Students will be encouraged to explore their own understanding of the Bible, and to understand why and how competing perspectives to their own may exist in the world today.
Requirements: There will be three exams in the course, each worth one-third of the final grade. The exams will be in-class and be comprised of short answer questions.
The Internet Connection: I will be establishing a Newsgroup for the course entitled IS4386. Students should get a computer account immediately and learn how to access and use e-mail and newsgroups. The computer center has handouts that will help you learn how to use email, newsgroups, and the internet. The internet is becoming an important resource for students of the Bible. Learn how to use it and explore its many offerings.
The Bible: You are responsible for purchasing a translation of the Bible which includes the Old Testament and the New Testament. There are many different translations and editions of the Bible to choose from, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. These will be discussed in the first day of class. For many readers, the most beautiful version of the Bible in English remains the King James Bible (KJB: 1611). However, its language is out-of-date and more accurate translations are available. Good translations for students to choose from include the Revised Standard Version (RSV: 1952) and the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV: 1989), the New English Bible (NEB: 1961 and 1970), the New Jerusalem Bible (NJB: 1985), the New American Bible (NAB: 1970), the New International Version (NIV: 1978), and the Revised American Standard Version (RASB: 1971). There is also a translated version of the Tanakh (The Jewish Bible) published by the Jewish Publication Society in 1988. A new translation of the Torah (the first five books of the Bible) was published in late 1995 as Volume 1 of the Schocken Bible.
Students interested in comparing different translations can consult either The Complete Parallel Bible (Oxford University Press, 1993) or The Precise Parallel New Testament (Oxford University Press, 1995). The former places translations from the NRSV, REB, NAB, and the NJB alongside one another for the Old and New Testaments as well as the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. The latter places the Greek Text of the New Testament next to translations from the KJV, the Rheims Bible, the Amplified Bible, NIV, NRSV, NAB, and New American Standard Bible.
Some "study editions" of the Bible come with study guides and extensive footnotes that can assist you in the course. The Anchor Bible is a massive scholarly project whose goal is to publish new translations of each book of the Bible along with extensive scholarly commentary.
Required Texts::
Richard Friedman Who Wrote the Bible? (Harper Collins)
Elaine Pagels The Origin of Satan (Random House)
R.B. and M.P. Coote Power, Politics, and the Making of the Bible (Fortress Press)
Spinoza Theologico-Political Treatise (Dover)
COURSE OVERVIEW
The Jewish Bible:
January 9-14: Introduction to the Bible
Readings: Friedman Preface and Chapter 1
Coote and Coote Chapters 1-3
January 16,21,23,28: From Creation to Covenants
Readings: Genesis, Exodus
Friedman Chapters 2-5
January 30, February 4,6: Politics before Monarchy
Readings: Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges
Friedman Chapters 6-10
FEBRUARY 11: EXAM I
February 13,18,20,25: Politics and Monarchy
Readings: Samuel I and II
Kings I and II
Friedman Chapters 11-14
Coote and Coote Chapters 4-10
February 27: Women and Politics
Readings: Esther
March 4: Prophets and Politics
Readings: Jonah
March 6: The Politics of Wisdom
Readings: Ecclesiastes
Coote and Coote Chapter 11
Spring Break March 10-15
March 18: Suffering and Justice
Readings: Job
MARCH 20: EXAM II
The Christian Bible:
March 25: Introduction to the New Testament
Readings: Coote and Coote Chapters 12-18
March 27: The Pauline Letters
Readings: First Letter to the Corinthians I
Letter to the Romans
Letter to the Galatians
April 1: The First Gospel
Readings: Mark
Pages Chapters 1-2
April 3: The Jewish Gospel
Readings: Matthew
Pages Chapter 3
April 8: The Gentile Gospel
Readings: Luke
Pages Chapter 4
April 10: The Spiritual Gospel
Readings: John
April 15: Beyond the Gospels
Readings: Acts
Pagels Chapter 5
April 17: The New Testament Revisited
Readings: Pagels Chapter 6 and Conclusion
Reading the Bible Politically
April 22,24,29
Readings: Spinoza A Theologico-Political Treatise Preface,
Chapters 4, 7-13, 15-20
MAY 8: THIRD EXAM
Bibliography
(I) Editions of the Bible: The following are editions of the Bible that should be particularly useful to students interested in commentary and supplementary footnotes.
The Anchor Bible 1964-95. Various editors, translators, and commentators. 44 volumes. Garden City, NY: Doubleday
The Cambridge Annotated Study Bible. 1993. New Revised Standard Version. Edited by Howard Clark Kee.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
The Complete Parallel Bible with Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. 1993. New York: Oxford University Press.
The Five Books of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. 1995. The Schocken Bible;Volume I. Translated with an Introduction, Commentary, and Notes by Everett Fox. New York: Schocken Books.
Gospel Parallels: A Synopsis of the First Three Gospels. 1967. 3rd edition. Edited by Burton H. Throckman, Jr.Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
The NIV Study Bible. 1995. General Editor: Kenneth Barker. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House.
The New Jerusalem Bible. 1985. New York: Doubleday.
The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1991. NewRevised Standard Version. Edited by Bruce M. Metzger and Roland E. Murphy. New York:Oxford University Press.
The Precise Parallel New Testament. 1995. General Editor John R. Kohlenberger III. New York:Oxford University Press.
The Revised English Bible with the Apocrypha. 1989. Oxford University Press. Cambridge University Press.
The Synoptic Gospels: Arranged in Parallel Columns. 1910. by J.M.Thomson. London: Oxford University Press
Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures. 1988. The New JPS Translation According to the Hebrew Text. Philadelphia: Jewish Publications Society.
(II) Other Primary Texts: The following are a range of other interesting and useful primary tests either selected from, derived from, related to, or about the Bible.
Acts and Letters of the Apostles. 1982. Newly Translated from the Greek by Richmond Lattimore. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Girouz.
Barnstone, Willis. 1984. The Other Bible: Jewish Pseudepigrapha,Christian Apocrypha, Gnostic Scriptures, Kabbalah, Dead Sea Scrolls. San Francisco: Harper SanFrancisco.
Charlesworth, James H. 1983. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. Garden City: Doubleday.
Cohen, Abraham. Everyman's Talmud: The Major teachings of theRabbinic Sages. With a New Forward by Jacob Neusner. New York: Schocken Books.
Eisenman, Robert and Michael. 1992. The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered: The First Complete Translation and Interpretation of 50 Key Documents Withheld for Over 35 Years. New york: Barnes and Noble.
The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus.1993. New translation and commentary by Robert Funk, Roy W. Hoover and the Jesus Seminar. New York: Polebrige Press Book.
The Four Gospels and the Revelation. 1979. Newly Translated from the Greek by Richmond Lattimore. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Girouz.
Jefferson, Thomas. 1904/1989. The Jefferson Bible. With an Introduction by F. Church and an Afterward by Jaroslav Pelikan. Boston: Beacon Press.
Josephus, Flavius. 1987. The Works of Josephus. Complete andUnabridged. New Updated Edition. Translated by William Whiston. Peabody, MASS: Henrickson Publishers.
The Lost Books of the Bible. 1979. With a New Forward by Solomon Schepps. New York: Bell Publishing Company.
Meyer, Marvin W. ed. and trans. 1984. The Secret Teachings of Jesus: Four Gnostic Gospels. New York: Random House.
Miller, Robert J. ed. 1994. The Complete Gospels. Annotated Scholar's Version. Revised and expanded edition. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.
Mitchell, Stephen. trans. 1979. 1987. The Book of Job. San Francisco: Northpoint Press
.......... 1991. The Gospel According to Jesus: A New Translation and Guide to His Essential Teachings. New York: Harper Collins.
.......... 1996. Genesis: A New Translation of the Classic Biblical Stories. New York: Harper Collins.
Nadich, Judah. 1983/1993. The Legends of the Rabbis: JewishLegends of the Second Commonwealth. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson.
.......... 1983/1993. The Legends of the Rabbis: The First Generation after the Destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson.
Rosenberg, David. trans. 1990. The Book of J. Interpreted by Harold Bloom. New York: Grove Weidenfeld
Vermes, Geza. 1987. The Dead Sea Scrolls in English. 3rd.edition. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
(III) Secondary Texts: The bimonthly Bible Review contains scholarly articles that are accessible to the general public. The following are secondary sources that I have found interesting, useful, controversial, or just plain fun. It is by no means meant to be an exhaustive, definitive, or comprehensive review of the literature.
Alter, Robert. 1992. The World of Biblical Literature. New York: Basic Books
Alter, Robert and Frank Kermode. eds. 1987. The Literary Guide to the Bible. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
Armstrong, Karen. 1993. A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. New York: Ballantine Books.
Bamberger, Bernard J. 1952. Fallen Angels: The Soldiers of Satan's Realm. New York: Barnes and Noble.
Barker, Glenn W., William L. Lane, and J. Ramsey Michaels. 1969. The New Testament Speaks. New York: Harper and Row.
Barton, John. 1984. Reading the Old Testament: Method in Biblical Study. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
Betz, Otto and Rainer Riesner. Jesus, Qumran and the Vatican: Clarifications. New York: Crossroad
Bickerman, E.J. 1979. The God of the Maccabees: Studies on theMeaning and Origins of the Maccabean Revolt. Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity 32. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Blenkinsopp, Jospeh. 1995. Wisdom and Law in the Old Testament: The Ordering of Life in Israel and Early Judaism. Revised edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Boadt, Lawrence. 1984. Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction. New York: Paulist Press.
Borg, Marcus J. 1987. Jesus: A New Vision Spirit, Culture and the Life of Discipleship. New York: Harper and Row.
.......... 1994. Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship. Valley Forge, Pa.: Trinity Press International.
.......... 1994. Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time: The Historical Jesus and the Heart of Contemporary Faith. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.
.......... ed. 1997. Jesus at 2000. Boulder: Westview Press.
Bornkamm, Gunther. 1975. Jesus of Nazareth. New york: Harper and Row.
Bright, John. 1979. The Community of the Beloved Disciple. New York: Paulist Press.
.......... 1981. A History of Israel. 3rd. edition. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
Brown, Raymond E. 1994. The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemanet o the Grave. A Commentary on the Passion Narrative of the Four Gospels. 2 vols. with continuous pagination. Anchor Bible Reference Library. New York: Doubleday.
Brown, Raymond E, S.S., Joseph A. Fitzmyer. S.J., and Roland E. Murphy, O.CARM. eds. 1968/1990. The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Brownrigg, Ronald. 1993. Who's Who in the New Testament. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bruce, F.F. 1963. The Books and the Parchments: Some Chapter on the Transmission of the Bible. Revised 3rd edition. Old Tappan, New Jersey: Fleming H. Ravell Company.
Buber, Martin. 1968. 1982. On the Bible: Eighteen Studies. Edited by Nathum N. Glatzer. Introduction by Harold Bloom. New York: Schocken Books.
Charpentier, Etienne. 1993. How to Read the Old Testament. New York: Crossroad.
.......... 1995. How To Read the New Testament. New York: Crossroad.
Charlesworth, James H. 1988. Jesus within Judaism: New Light from Exciting Archaeological Discoveries. New York: Anchor Bible Reference Library, Doubleday.
.......... ed. 1992. Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: Doubleday.
Chilton, B.D. and C.A. Evans, eds. Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research. Leiden: Brill.
Coggins, Richard. 1990. Introducing the Old Testament. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cohen, Shaye J.D. 1987. From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Edited by Wayne A. Meeks. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
Cohen, Norman. 1993. Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith. New Haven: Yale University Press
Comay, Joan. 1993. Who's Who in the Old Testament. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cook, Edward M. Solving the Mysteries of the Dead Sea Scrolls: New Light on the Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.
Coote, Robert B. and Mary P. Coote. 1990. Power, Politics and the Making of the Bible: An Introduction. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Crossan, John Dominic. 1973. In Parables: The Challenge of the Historical Jesus. New York: Harper and Row.
.......... 1988. The Cross that Spoke: The Origins of the Passion Narrative. New York: Harper and Row.
.......... 1991. The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Peasant. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.
.......... 1994. Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. New York: Harper Collins.
.......... 1995. Who Killed Jesus? Exposing the Roots of Anti-semitism in the Gospels Story of the Death of Jesus. New York: Harper Collins
.......... 1996. Who Was Jesus? New York: HarperPaperbacks.
Dart, John. 1988. The Jesus of Heresy and History: The Discovery and Meaning of the Nag Hammadi Gnostic Library. New York: Harper and Row.
Drury, John. 1985. The Parables in the Gospels. New York: Crossroads.
Eisenman, Robert and Michael Wise. 1994. The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered. New York: Barnes and Noble Books.
Erlich, Avi. 1995. Ancient Zionism: The Biblical Origins of the National Idea. New York: Free Press.
Farmer, William R. 1956. Maccabees, Zealots, and Josephus:
An Inquiry into Jewish Nationalism in the Greco-Roman
Period. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press
.......... 1964. The Synoptic Problem: A Critical Review of the Problem of the Literary relationships Between Matthew, Mark and Luke. New York: Macmillan.
.......... 1982. Jesus and the Gospel: Tradition, Scripture, and Canon. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
.......... 1994. The Gospel of Jesus: The Pastoral Relevance of the Synoptic Problem. Louisville: Westminster/John Know Press.
Fox, Robert Lane. 1992. The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible. New York: Knopf.
Fredriksen, Paula. 1988. From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus. New haven: Yale University Press.
Friedman, Richard Elliott. 1989. Who Wrote the Bible? New York: Harper and Row.
.......... 1995. The Disappearance of God: A Divine Mystery. Boston: Little Brown.
Frye, Northrop. 1982. The Great Code: The Bible and Literature. New York: Harcourt Brace Janovich.
Funk, Robert W. 1996. Honest to Jesus: Jesus for a New Millennium. New York: Harper Collins.
Gabel, John B. and Charles B. Wheeler. 1990. The Bible as Literature: An Introduction 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gentz, William H. ed. 1986. The Dictionary of Bible and Religion. Nashville: Abington Press.
Gillman, Neil. 1990. Sacred Fragments: Recovering Theology for the Modern Jew. New York: Jewish Publication society
Ginsberg, Louis. 1992. Legends of the Bible. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society.
Girard, Rene. 1987. Job: The Victim of His People. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Golb, Norman. 1995. Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? The Search for Qumran. New York: Scribner.
Gowan, Donald E. 1994. Theology in Exodus: Biblical theology in the Form of Commentary. Louisville: Westminster John Know Press.
Grant, Michael. 1973. The Jews in the Roman World. New York:Charles Scribner's and Sons.
.......... 1977. Jesus: An Historian's Review of The Gospels. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
.......... 1994. Saint Peter: A Biography. New York: Scribner.
Grant, Robert M. 1986. Gods and the One God. edited by Wayne A. Meeks. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
Graves, Robert and Raphael Patai. 1989. Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis. New York: Anchor Books.
Harvey, A.E. 1970. The New English Bible: Companion to the New Testament. Cambridge: Oxford University Press. Cambridge University Press.
Hill, Christopher. 1993. The English Bible and the Seventeenth Century Revolution. London: Penguin Books.
Jacobson, Dan. 1982. The Stories of the Stories: The Chosen People and Its God. New York: Harper and Row
Jasper, David. 1986. The New Testament and the Literary Imagination. Foreword by Sallie McFague. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International.
Johnson, Luke T. 1991. The Real Jesus and the Misguided Quest of the Historical Jesus and the Truth of the Traditional Gospels. San FranciscoHarper SanFrancisco.
......... 1995. "The Search for (the Wrong) Jesus." Bible Review 6 (December) 11.
Josipovici, Gabriel. 1988. The Book of God: A Response to the Bible. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Keller, Werner. 1965. 1980. The Bible as History. Revised and Updated. New York: Bantam Books.
Kingsbury, Jack Dean. 1991. Conflict in Luke: Jesus, Authorities, Disciples. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Kugel, James L. and Rowan A. Greer. 1986. Early Biblical Interpretation. Edited by Wayne A. Meeks. Philadelphia: Westminster.
Landis, Benson Y. 1963. An Outline of the Bible Book by Book. New York: Barnes and Noble Books.
Lawton, David. 1990. Faith, Text and History: The Bible in English. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
Linnemann, Eta 1995. "Is There a Gospel of Q?" Bible Review. 4 (11) August.
Lohse, Berhard. 1966/1985. A Short History of Christian Doctrine: From The First Century to the Present. Revised American edition. Translated by F. Ernest Stoeffler. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Mack, Burton L. 1988. A Myth of Innocence: Mark and Christian Origins. Philadelphia.
.......... 1993. The Lost Gospel: The Book of Q and Christian Origins. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.
.......... 1995. Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth. New York: Harper Collins.
Maccoby, Hyam. 1992. Judas Iscariot and the Myth of Jewish Evil. New York: Free Press.
Marcus, David. 1986. Jephthah and His Vow. Lubboch: Texas Tech Press.
Mayes, James L. ed. 1988. Harper's Biblical Commentary. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
McGinn, Bernard. 1994. Anti-Christ: Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil. New York: HarperCollins.
Meier, John P. 1991. 1995. A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday
Metzger, Bruce C. and Michael D. Coogan. eds. 1993. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press.
Miles, Jack. 1995. God: A Biography. New York: Knopf.
Morgan, Robert with John Barton. 1988. Biblical Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Myers, Allen C. 1987. The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
Neil, William. 1962. Harper's Bible Commentary. New York: Harper and Row.
Neill, Stephen and Tom Wright. 1964. 1989. The Interpretation of the New Testament: 1861-1986. New York: Oxford University Press.
Neusner, Jacob. 1984. Judaism in the Beginning of Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
.......... 1987. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Exile and Return in the History of Judaism. Boston: Beacon Press.
.......... 1991. Jews and Christians: The Myth of a Common Tradition. Philadelphia: Trinity International Press.
.......... 1993. A Rabbi Talks with Jesus: An Intermillennial, Interfaith Exchange. New York: Doubleday.
.......... 1995. Judaism's Theological Voice: The Melody of the Talmud. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Neusner, Jacob and Bruce D. Chilton. 1995. Revelation: The Torah and the Bible. Valley Forge: Trinity Press International.
Nickle, Keith F. 1980. The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction. Atlanta: John Knox Press.
Noth, Martin. 1958/1960. The Early History of Israel. Revised edition. New York: Harper and Row.
Overman, J. Andrew. 1990. Matthew's Gospel and Formative Judaism: The Social World of the Matthean Community. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Pagels, Elaine. 1979. The Gnostic Gospels. New York; Random House.
.......... 1988. Adam, Eve, and the Serpent. Random House.
.......... 1995. The Origin of Satan. New York: Random House.
Perkins, Pheme. 1988. Reading the New Testament. 2nd edition. New York: Paulist Press.
Pritchard, James B. ed. 1991. The Harper Concise Atlas of the Bible. New york: HarperCollins.
Ranke-Heinemann, Uta. 1992. Putting Away Childish Things. Translated by Peter Heinegg. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
Redhead, Brian and Frances Gumley. 1987. The Good Book. London: Duckworth.
Reventlow, Henning Graf. 1985. The Authority of The Bible and the Rise of the Modern World. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
Rogers, Jack B. and Donald K. McKim. 1979. The Authority and Interpretation of the Bible: An Historical Approach. New York: Harper and Row.
Russell, Jeffrey Burton. 1977. The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiguity to Primitive Christianity. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Safire, William. 1992. The First Dissident New York: Random House.
Sanders, E.P. 1977. Paul and Palestinian Judaism. London and Philadelphia.
.......... 1983. Paul, the Law and the Jewish People. Philadelphia.
.......... 1985. Jesus and Judaism. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
.......... 1991. Paul. New York: Oxford University Press.
.......... 1993. The Historical Figure of Jesus. London: Penguin.
Sandmel, Samuel. 1972. The Enjoyment of Scripture. New York: Oxford University Press.
.......... 1978. Judaism and Christian Beginnings. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sarna, Nahum M. 1970. Understanding Genesis: The Heritage of Biblical Israel. New York: Schocken Books.
.......... 1986. Exploring Exodus: The Heritage of Biblical Israel. New York: Schocken.
.......... 1993. Songs of the Heart: An Introduction to the Book of Psalms. New York: Schocken Books.
Satinover, Jeffrey B. 1995. "Divine Authorship? Computer Reveals Starling Word Patterns." Bible Review 5 (11). October.
Schaberg, Jane. 1990. The Illegitimacy of Jesus: A Feminist Theological Interpretation of the Infancy Narratives. New York: Crossroads.
Schiffman, Lawrence H. 1991. From Text to Tradition: A History of the Second Temple and Rabbinical Judaism. Hoboken, N.J.: Ktav.
.......... Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: The History of
Judaism, the Background of Christianity, the Lost Library of
Qumran. With a Forward byChaim Potok. Philadelphia: The
Jewish Publication Society.]
Schonfield, Hugh J. 1965. The Passover Plot: New Light on the History of Jesus. New York: Bantam.
.......... 1973. The Jesus Party. New York: Macmillan.
.......... 1981. After the Cross. New York: A.S. Barnes and Company.
.......... 1984. The Essene Odyssey: The Mystery of the True Teacher and the Essene Impact on the Shaping of Human Destiny. Rockport, MA: Element.
Schowalter, Daniel N. 1995. "Lost in Translation: So We Really Need to Read the Footnotes?" Bible Review 4 (11) August.
Schultz, Samuel J. 1960. The Old Testament Speaks. New York: Harper and Row.
Segal, Alan F. 1990. Paul the Convert: The Apostolate and Apostasy of Saul the Pharisee. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Shanks, Hershel. ed. 1992. Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Reader from the Biblical Archaeology Review. New York: Random House.
.......... ed. 1994. The Search for Jesus: Modern Scholarship Looks at the Gospels. Washington D.C.: Biblical Archaeological Society.
Sheehan, Thomas. The First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity. New York: Random House.
Silberman, Neal Asher. 1994. The Hidden Scrolls: Christianity, Judaism, and the War for the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: Grosset/Putman Book.
Silver, Abba Hillel. 1956. 1989. Where Judaism Differs: An Inquiry into the Distinctiveness of Judaism. New York: Collier Books.
Silver, Daniel Jeremy. 1990. The Story of Scripture: From Oral Tradition to the Written Word. New York: Basic Books.
Smith, Morton. 1981. Jesus the Magician. New York: Harper and Row.
Smith, Morton and R. Joseph Hoffman. ed. 1989. What the Bible Really Says. New York: HarperCollins.
Spong, John Shelby. 1991. Rescuing the Bible from Fundamentalism: A Bishop Rethinks the Meaning of Scripture. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.
.......... 1992. Born of a Woman: A Bishop rethinks the Birth of Jesus. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.
.......... 1994. Resurrection: Myth or Reality. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.
Stanton, Graham N. 1989. The Gospels and Jesus. New York: Oxford University Press.
Vanderkam, James C. 1994. The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Vaux, Roland de. 1978. The Early History of Israel. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
Vermes, Geza. 1973. Jesus the Jew. New York: Macmillan .
.......... 1977. 1981. The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
Walzer, Michael. 1985. Exodus and Revolution. New York: Basic Books.
Whitherington, Ben, III. 1995. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth. Downers Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press.
Wiesel, Elie. 1976. Messengers of God: Biblical Portraits and Legends. New York: Summit Books.
Wilcox, John T. 1989. The Bitterness of Job: A Philosophical Reading. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Wildavsky, Aaron. 1984. The Nursing Father: Moses as a Political Leader University of Alabama Press.
Wilkins, Michael J. and J.P. Moreland. 1995. Jesus Under Fire:Modern Scholarship Reinvents the Historical Jesus. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.
Wood, Leon J. 1970/1986. A Survey of Israel's History. Revised and enlarged edition. Revised by David O'Brien. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.
Wright, N.T. 1992. Who Was Jesus? Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Yoder, John Howard. 1972. 1994. The Politics of Jesus: Behold the Man! Our Victorious Lamb. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans
Zeitlin, Irving M. 1984. Ancient Judaism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
.......... 1988. Jesus and the Judaism of His Time. Campbridge:Polity Press.
Zeitlin, Solomon. 1978. The Rise and fall of the Judaen State.3 vols. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America.
Zornberg, Avivah Gottlieb. 1995. The Beginning of Desire:Reflections on Genesis. New York: Image Book.
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