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Karen J. Prager, Ph.D., A.B.P.P. Professor of Psychology and Program Head for Gender Studies Diplomate in Family Psychology The University of Texas at Dallas |
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More Information About Dr. Prager's work Processes in Couple Relationships Teaching and Professional Practice Selected Papers and Publications
For Students:
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BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS Behaviorists argue that people’s "personalities" (really, behaviors) are shaped by: If you are a behaviorist, you believe you can best predict behavior by documenting all of the . How much research support, in general, is there for behavioral theories of personality?
John B. Watson *Believed he could learn how humans learn by observing the behavior of . *How did his colleagues in psychology react to his ideas? *Watson firmly believed that psychology should be a science. The first "psychological scientists were in Germany and studied . *According to Watson, psychology would never be a science until it confined its study to . *According to Watson, it was useful? Or useless? to posit the existence of internal structures (such as traits) as causes of behavior.
B.F. Skinner *Skinner invented the term "radical behaviorism" which is .
*When Skinner said that "human dignity" was an illusion, he was referring to .
Classical Conditioning Basic concepts of classical conditioning theory: Ivan Pavlov's work Classical conditioning involves learning by association, or pairing:
Unconditioned stimulus & response: called unconditioned because . Neutral stimulus. A neutral stimulus is one that elicits no . Conditioned stimulus and response. Called conditioned because . Classical conditioning has occurred when . A concept of neurosis: From a behavioral perspective, "neurosis" refers to conditioned associations between previously neutral stimuli and unconditioned fear or anxiety stimuli & responses. How was Watson & Rainer’s experiment with Little Albert a good example of experimentally induced neurosis?
Generalization: a conditioned response to one stimulus occurs in the presence of a stimulus.
Discrimination: a conditioned response to one stimulus does not occur in the presence of a stimulus.
Avoidance behavior. Conditioned responses may be avoidance responses. Avoidance is probably an unconditioned response to . Extinction: occurs when .
Operant Conditioning Basic concepts of operant conditioning: B.F. Skinner & R.L. Thorndike Operants are . Operant conditioning. Reinforcement is?: Positive reinforcement? Negative reinforcement? Punishment is? Operant conditioning has occurred when? . Extinction occurs when? The most effective method of eliminating an unwanted behavior? Why should parents minimize the use of punishment as a way of teaching their children proper behavior? When, if ever, is punishment effective? Generalization and reinforcement. Primary reinforcers? Secondary reinforcers? Generalization occurs when? . Discrimination and reinforcement. When is discrimination likely to occur in operant conditioning? Schedules of Reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement is? People learn rapidly? or slowly? when behavior is continuously reinforced. Extinction occurs slowly? Or rapidly? when reinforcement is discontinued. Partial reinforcement is? People learn rapidly? Or slowly? When behavior is partially reinforced. Extinction occurs slowly? Or rapidly? When reinforcement is discontinued. Shaping is? When is shaping a useful process for teaching desirable behavior? |