Behavioral Neuroscience Review Sheet

EXAM I

*This is a list of important topics presented in your text.

**Study time should be proportional to the amount of time Dr. Cauller covered each topic in class.

***You are only required to know and understand the very general concept of each idea—DON’T PANIC

****To do well on the exam, also review the figures presented in lecture!! AND the book review questions!!!

*****The exam will probably be ~80 questions (~10 questions/chapter)

******Some questions will be thrown in to distinguish the A+’s from the A’s and the A’s from the B’s!!!!

 

Chapter 1

            Charles Bell—ventral spinal root experiments (pgs. 8-9)

            Francois Magendie—dorsal spinal root experiments (pgs. 8-9)

            Paul Broca—localization of function in the cerebrum (pgs. 10-11)

            Ancient idea from Greece—STRUCTURE IS CORRELATED WITH FUNCTION!!!!!

            Levels of neuroscience investigation (Molecular Neuroscience, Cellular…)

            Levels of measurement (nm molecules, mm organelles, mm cells…)

 

Chapter 2

            Histology (pg. 24)

            Nissl stain (pg. 24)

            Camillo Golgi and the Golgi stain (pgs. 24-25)

            Santiago Ramon y Cajal (pg. 25-26)

            Neuron doctrine (pg. 25-26)

            Soma (pg. 26)

                        --cytosol

                        --organelles

                        --cytoplasm

            Nucleus (pg. 26)

                        --chromosomes

                        --DNA

                        --gene expression

                        --protein synthesis

                        --messenger RNA

                        --transcription

                        --amino acids

                        --translation

            Rough ER (pg. 29)

                        --ribosomes make proteins

                        --makes membrane bound proteins

            Smooth ER and the Golgi Apparatus (pg. 31)

            Mitochondrion (pgs. 31-32)

                        -- Respiration

                        --ATP

            Neuronal Membrane (pg. 32)

            Cytoskeleton (pgs. 32-33)

                        --microtubles

                        --microfilaments

                        --neurofilaments

            Axon (pgs. 36-39)

                        --axon hillock

                        --axon collaterals

                        --axon terminal

                        --synapse

                        --terminal arbor

                        --bouton

                        --innervation

                        --synaptic vesicles

                        --synaptic cleft

                        --synaptic transmission

                        --neurotransmitter

                        --axoplasmic transport

                        --anterograde transport

                        --retrograde transport

            Dendrites (pgs. 39-40)

                        --dendritic tree

                        --receptors

                        --dendritic spines

            Classifying neurons (pgs. 40-42)

                        --Neurites

                        --Dendrites

                        --Connections

                        --Axon length

                        --Neurotransmitter

                        --pyramidal

                        --stellate cells

Glia and other non-neuronal cells (pgs. 42-47)

                        --astrocytes

                        --oligodendroglial cells

                        --schwann cells

                        --microglia

--ependymal cells

           

Chapter 3

            Water (pg. 52)

            Ions (pgs. 52-53)

                        --cations

                        --anions

            Phospholipid Membrane (pgs. 53-54)

            Proteins (pgs. 54-58)

                        --peptide bonds

                        --polypeptides

                        --ion channels

                        --ion selectivity

                        --gating

                        --ion pumps

            Diffusion (pg. 58)

                        --concentration gradient

            Electricity (pgs. 58-60)

                        --electrical current

                        --voltage

                        --electrical conductance/resistance

                        --Ohm’s law

            Resting Membrane Potential (pgs. 60-70)

                        --membrane potential

                        --microelectrode

                        --equilibrium potential

                        --Nernst equation

                        --sodium-potassium pump

                        --calcium pump

                        --Goldman equation

                        --Drosophila

                        --Shaker

                        --astrocytes

 

Chapter 4

            Action potential (pgs. 74-95)

                        --frequency

                        --pattern

                        --rising phase

                        --overshoot

                        --falling phase

                        --undershoot/after-hyperpolarization

                        --2 ms

                        --generator potential

                        --threshold

                        --Na+  depolarization

                                        --intracellular recording

                        --extracellular recording

                        --firing frequency

                        --absolute refractory period

                        --relative refractory period

                        --K+  repolarization

                                        --electrical current

--conductance

                        --voltage clamp experiments

                        --voltage-gated sodium channels

                                    --immediate

                                    --1 msec

                                    --inactivation

                                    --deinactivation

                        --patch clamp experiments

                        --tetrodotoxin

                        --voltage-gated potassium channels

                                    --delayed

                        --propagation of the action potential down the axon

                        --conduction

                                    --orthodromic

                                    --antidromic

                        --10 m/sec

                        --conduction velocity

                                    --axonal diameter

                                    --axonal size

                                    --myelin

                        --nodes of Ranvier

                        --adaptation

                        --axonal membrane

           

Chapter 5

            Synaptic Transmission (pgs. 99-127)

                        --electrical synapses

                                    --small fraction

                        --chemical synapses

                                    --majority

                        --presynaptic neuron

                        --postsynaptic neuron

                        --gap junctions

                                    --bidirectional

                                    --very fast

                                    --non-neural cells

                                    --development

                        --synaptic cleft

                                    --20-50 nm wide

                        --synaptic vesicles

                                    --50 nm

                                    --neurotransmitter

                        --secretory granules

                                    --100 nm

                                    --protein

                        --membrane differeniations

                                    --active zones

                                    --postsynaptic density

                                                --receptors

                        --axodendritic

                        --axosomatic

                        --axoaxonic

                        --dendrodendritic synapses

                        --Gray’s type I synapses

                                    --thicker on the postsynaptic side

                                    --usually excitatory

                        --Gray’s type II synapses

                                    --similar thickness

                                    --usually inhibitory

                        --neuromuscular junction

                        --Neurotransmitters

                                    --amino acids

                                    --amines

                                    --peptides

                        --fast synaptic transmission

                                    --CNS

                                    --neuromuscular junctions

                        --slow synaptic transmission

                        --glutamate & glycine 

                        --GABA & amines

                        --transporters

                        --secretory granules

                        --voltage-gated calcium channels

                        --exocytosis

                        --endocytosis

                        --50+ msec

                        --high frequency trains of action potentials

                        --transmitter-gated ion channels

                        --EPSP

                        --IPSP

                        --G-Protein coupled receptors

                        --synaptobrevin

                        --synaptotagmin

                        --docking

                        --SNARE (specific binding and fusion of membranes)

                        --G-proteins

                        --effector proteins

                        --second messengers

                        --metabotropic receptors

                        --reversal potential (helps us tell which types of ions the membrane is permeable to)

                        --autoreceptors

                        --Reuptake

                        --desensitization

                        --neuropharmacology

                        --inhibitors/receptor antagonists

                        --receptor agonists

                        --neural computations

                        --Quantal analysis (used to determine how many vesicles normally release neurotransmitter)

                        --CNS vs. neuromuscular junction

                        --Spatial summation

                        --temporal summation

                        --spike initiation zone

                        --internal resistance

                        --membrane resistance

                        --dendritic length constant

                        --voltage-gated channels in dendrites

                        --Cl-

                        --shunting inhibition

                        --startling mutations of glycine receptors

                        --modulation & G-protein coupled neurotransmitter receptors

                        --norepinephrine

--Adenylyl cyclase

                        --cAMP

                        --protein kinase

                        --phosphorylation (changes the conformation and activity of proteins)

           

Chapter 6

            Neurotransmitters (pgs. 131-161)

                        --Ach

                        --NE

                        --glutamate

                        ‑-GABA

                        --criteria

                        --immunocytochemistry (viewing location of specific molecules)

                        --in situ hybridization (localizing specific mRNA transcripts for proteins)

                        --probe

                        --autoradiography

                        --PNS vs. CNS

                        --in vitro

                        --microionophoresis

                        --receptor subtype

                        --Neuropharamlogical analysis

                                    --selective antagonists

--nicotinic receptors

                                                --muscarinic receptors

                                                --AMPA receptors

                                                --NMDA receptors

                                                --kainate receptors

                                                --alpha receptors

                                                --beta receptors

                                                --GABA a and GABA b receptors

                        --endorphins

                        --enkephalins

                        --ligand

                        --diversity of receptor subtypes

                        --acetyl-coenzyme A

                        --Dale’s principle

                        --choline acetlytransferase

                        --choline

                                    --rate limiting step

                        --acetylcholinesterase

                        --neuronal membrane transporter

                        --vesicular transporter

                        --catecholamines

                                    --tyrosine hydroxylase

                                                --rate limiting

                                    --tyrosine

                                    --dopa

                                    --dopa decarboxylase

                                    --dopamine

                                    --dopamine B-hydroxylase (synaptic vesicles)

                                    --norepinephrine

                                    --phentolamine N-methyl-transferase

                                    --epinephrine/adrenaline (vesicles—cytosol—vesicles)

                                    --monoamine oxidase

                        --tryptophan (rate limiting)

                        --tryptophan hydroxylase

                        --5-HTP

                        --5-HTP decarboxylase

--serotonergic neurons

                        --glutamic acid decarboxylase

                        --GABA transaminase

                        --nucelotide receptors

                        --nitric oxide

                        --retrograde messenger

                        --dual purposes

                        --11 nm

                        --hydrophobic segments

                        --pentameric complexes

                        --Ach binding sites

                        --amino-acid gated channels

                        --glutamate gated channels

                                    --AMPA gated channels

                                    --NMDA gated channels

                                                --Ca2+  

                        --voltage-dependent

--magnesium block

                        --GABA gated

                                    --chloride

                                    --benzodiazepines

                                    --barbituates

                        --Glycine-gated

                                    --chloride

                        --excitotoxicity

                        --basic structure of a G-protein coupled receptor

                        --G-protein mode of operation

                                    --excitation

                                    --inhibiton

                        --shortcut pathway

                                    --30-100 ms

                        --second messenger cascade

                                    --protein kinase A

                                    --phospholipase C

                                                --phosphatidylinositol

                                                            --diacylglycerol

                                                                        --protein kinase C

                                                            --inositol-1, 4, 5 triphosphate

                                                                        --releases calcium stores

                                                                        --calcium calmodulin dependent protein kinase

                        --protein phosphatases

                        --signal amplification

                        --divergence

                        --convergence

                                               

Chapter 15

            Chemical control of behavior (497-520)

                        --secretory hypothalamus

                        --autonomic nervous system

                        --diffuse neuromodulatory systems

                        --homeostasis

                        --periventricular zone of the hypothalamus

                                    --suprachiasmatic nucleus

                                    --neurosecretory neurons        

                                                --magnocellular

                        --pituitary gland

                                    --posterior

                                    --anterior

                        --neurohormones

                        --oxytocin

                        --vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone

                                    --renin

                                                --sequence of biochemical reactions that in turn controls our brain!

                        --endocrine system

                        --parvocellular neurosecretory cells

                        --hypophysiotropic hormones

                        --hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation

                        --adrenal cortex

                        --adrenal medulla

                        --cortisol

                        --corticotropin-releasing hormone

                        --adrenocorticotropic hormone

                        -- sympathetic nervous system

                        --parasympathetic nervous system

                        --autonomic ganglia

                        --postganglionic neurons

                        --preganglionic neurons

                        --ANS vs. somatic motor system

                        --monosynaptic pathway

                        --disynaptic pathway

                        --intermediolateral gray matter

                        --sympathetic chain

                        --4 F’S                       

                        --enteric division

                                    --myenteric/Auerbach’s plexus

                                    --submucous/Meissner’s plexus

                        --nucleus of the solitary tract

                        --adrenaline/epinephrine

                        --preganglionic neurotransmitter

                                    --nicotinic receptors

                                    --muscarinic receptors

                                    --neuroactive peptides

                        --postganglionic neurotransmitters & receptors

                        --sympathomimetic drugs

                        --parasympathomimetic drugs

                        --metabotropic muscarinic ACh receptors vs. ionotropic nicotinic ACh receptors

                        --locus coeruleus

                        --formaldehyde method (illuminates DA, NE, and 5-HT in the brain)

                        --raphe nuclei

                        --ascending reticular activating system

                        --dopamine

                                    --substantia nigra

                                    --ventral tegmental area

                                                --Parkingson’s disease

                        --basal forebrain complex

                                    --medial septal nuclei

                                    --nucleus basalis of Meynert

                                                --Alzheimer’s disease

                        --psychoactive drugs

                        --hallucingens

                                    --LSD

                                                --serotonin

                        --stimulants

                                    --cocaine

                                    --amphetamine

                                                --dopamine

                                                --NE

 

Chapter 7

            Structure and development of the nervous system (pgs. 164-200)

                        --anatomical references

                                    --anterior/rostral

                                    --posterior/caudal

                                    --dorsal

                                    --ventral

                        --bilateral symmetry

                        --midline

                        --medial

                        --lateral

                        --ipsilateral

                        --contralateral

                        --section

                        --anatomical planes of section

                                    --midsagittal plane

                                                --sagittal plane

                                    --horizontal plane

                                    --coronal plane

                        --central nervous system

                                    --brain

                                                --cerebrum

                                    --cerebral hemispheres

--sagittal fissure

                                                --cerebellum

                                                --brain stem

                                    --spinal cord

                                                --spinal nerves (PNS)

                                                            --dorsal root

                                                            --ventral root

                        --peripheral nervous system

                                    --somatic

                                                --dorsal root ganglia

                                    --visceral/ANS

                        --afferents

                        --efferents

                        --cranial nerves (I – XII)—pg. 234

                        --meninges

                                    --dura mater

                                    --arachnoid membrane

                                                --subdural hematoma

                                    --pia mater

                                                --subarachnoid space

                                                            --cerebrospinal fluid

                        --ventricular system   

                                    --choriod plexus

                                    --arachniod villi

                        --hydrocephalus

                        --computed tomography

                        --magnetic resonance imaging (including box 7.2—A+ questions!!!??)

                        --functional brain imaging (including box 7.3—A+ questions!!!??)

                                    --PET

                                    --fMRI

                        --neural tube

                                    --endoderm

                                    --mesoderm

                                    --ectoderm

                                                --neural plate

                                                --neural groove

                                                --neural folds

                                                --neural crest

                                                --somites

                                                --neuralation

                                                            --anencephaly (box 7.4)

                                                            --spina bifidia     “”

                        --Tables 7.1 and 7.2!

                        --differentiation

                                    --prosencephalon/forebrain

                                                --optic vesicles

                                                            --optic nerves

                                                            --retinas

                                                --telencephalic vesicles/telencephalon

                                                            --olfactory bulbs

                                                            --cerebral hemispheres

                                                            --lateral ventricles

                                                            --cerebral cortex

                                                                        --cortical white matter

                                                                        --corpus callosum

                                                                        --internal capsule

                                                            --basal telencephalon

                                                                        --basal ganglia

                                                --diencephalon

                                                            --third ventricle

                                                            --thalamus

                                                            --hypothalamus

                                    --mesencephalon/midbrain

                                                --tectum

                                                            --superior colliculous/optic tectum

                                                            --inferior colliculous

                                                --tegmentum

                                                            --substantia nigra

                                                            --red nucleus

                                                --cerebral aqueduct

                                    --rhombencephalon/hindbrain

                                                --cerebellum

                                                            --rhombic lips

                                                --pons

                                                --medulla oblongata

                                                --fourth ventricle

                                                --medullary pyramids/corticospinal tract

                                                            --pyramidal decussation

                                                --cochlear nuclei

                                                --hypoglossal cranial nerve

                                    --spinal cord                          

--spinal canal

                                                --dorsal horn

                                                --ventral horn

                                                --intermediate zone

                                                --dorsal columns

                                                --lateral columns

                                                --ventral columns

                                                --white matter vs. gray matter

                                    --divisions are connected and continuous

--Figure 7.20 &2nd paragraph of Putting the Pieces Together…

                                    --sulci

                                    --fissures

                                    --gyri

                                    --human vs. rat brain

                                                --specialized for function

                                    --temporal bone/lobe

                                    --frontal bone/lobe

                                    --central sulcus

                                    --parietal bone/lobe

                                    --occipital bone/lobe

                                    --layer I

                                    --apical dendrites

                                    --hippocampus (2 cell layers)

                                    --olfactory cortex (2 cell layers)

                                    --rhinal fissure

                                    --neocortex (many cell layers)

                                                --cytoarchitectural map (AKA Brodmann’s areas)

                                    --microelectrode mapping (box 7.5)—it’s a great method that we can learn a lot from!

                                    --a factor of two…

                                    --primary sensory areas

                                    --secondary sensory areas—expanded areas for analysis

                                    --motor areas

                                    --association areas

                                    --postcentral gyrus

                                    --precentral gyrus

                                    --superior temporal gyrus

                                    --Sylvian/lateral fissure

                                    --insula

                                    --primary motor cortex

                                    --supplementary motor area

                                    --premotor area

                                    --prefrontal cortex

                                    --posterior parietal cortex

                                    --inferotemporal cortex

                                    --fornix

                                    --amygdala

                                    --optic chiasm

                                    --optic nerves

                                    --optic tracts

                                    --mammillary bodies

                                    --vermis                                 

                                    --pineal body

                                    --cerebellar peduncles

                                    --neuraxis

                                    --septal area

                                    --basal ganglia

--caudate nucleus

                                                --putamen

                                                --globus pallidus

                                    --ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (each system associated with different thalamic nuclei)

                                    --lateral geniculate nucleus

                                    --medial geniculate nucleus

                                    --periaqueductal gray

                                    --cerebellar cortex

                                    --pontine nuclei

                                    --deep cerebellar nuclei

                                    --potine reticular formation

                                    --superior olive

                                    --inferior olive

                                    --medial lemniscus

                                    --gustatory nucleus

                                    --vestibular nuclei

                                    --dorsal column nuclei

                                    --cervical vertebrae

                                    --thoracic vertebrae

                                    --lumbar vertebrae

                                    --sacral vertebrae

                                    --cauda equina

                        --ascending sensory pathways

                                    --spinothalamic tract

                                    --descending motor pathways

                                    --vestibulospinal tract

                                    --lateral pathways

                                    --ventromedial pathways

                                    --vertebral arteries

                                    --internal carotid arteries

                                    --basilar artery

                                    --superior cerebellar arteries

                                    --posterior cerebral arteries

                                    --posterior communicating arteries

                                    --middle cerebral arteries

                                    --anterior cerebral arteries

                                    --anterior communicating artery

                                    --circle of Willus

DON’T FREAK OUT—ONLY KNOW THE VERY GENERAL IDEAS AND CONCEPTS (and of at least “heard of each term”, and you will do fine!!!)