Encyclopedia of Literature and Science Editor, Pamela Gossin, Ph.D. Greenwood Press Table of Contents
Update: 4-22-98
Editorial Board: Stephen Bernstein, David Cassuto, Paul Harris, Dale Pratt, Shelly Jarrett BrombergContributors will be compensated for their contributions by receiving a copy of the complete volume upon publication.. They will be recognized by a List of Contributors (name, institution/affiliation, short title and publication date of one publication) and by initials at the end of their entries. "Major" contributors of 10 or more entries or 1,000 or more words will be designated by an asterix.
Order of Contents:
- Editor's Preface
- Introduction by Lance Schachterle, The Profession of Literature and Science
- Approximately 700 entries from 50 to 2,500 words in length, to be arranged A-Z in final volume. (Organized below by theme, topic, chronological order)
- End-of-Entry Bibliographic citations, cross-references: 12,130
- Bibliographic Note
- Index
TAXONOMY AND CONTRIBUTORS:
LONG ENTRIES *Intro: Profession of LS 4200 L. Schachterle Two Cultures 2500 J. Paradis Theory 2500 M Assad Rhetoric 2000 C. Baldwin Philosophy 2500 P. Livingston Culture 1250 Rt. Young Science in Literature 2500 S. Peterfreund Scientists and LS 2000 J. Labinger Pedagogy 2400 Fred White Society 2500 D. Russell Gender and Sexuality 1250 Sharon Stockon Central Europe 2500 Y Abrioux Northern Europe 1000 K. DePryck and K.Boullart England 1500 Ireland, Scotland, Wales 1000 L. Heaney Australia 1000 D. Russell Australian SF 1150 R. Haynes North America-Canada 750 North America - US 1500 J. Slade Spanish-Speaking World 2500 R. Catala' Russia (Former USSR) 2000 Y. Howell Africa 750 M. McDonald Asia 750 India 1000 Khurshid Ahmad Antiquity 1000 S. Bromberg and PSG Middle Ages 1500 Douglas Kelly Early Modern (To 1660) 1750 D. Altegoer Post-Restoration 18th C 1750 A. Vila 19th c 1750 W. Crisman 20th c 2500 J. Deery 21st c 1250 J. Odin Literature and... Astronomy 2500 J. Korg Physics 1500 D. Porush Chemistry 1000 J. Labinger Mathematics 1000 U. D'Ambrosio Chaos Sciences 1500 Paul Harris Technology 1500 J. Slade Experimental Science 1000 R. Goldbort Natural History 2500 D. Dean Evolutionary Theory 1250 J. Carroll Biology and Zoology 1000 M. Bryson Environmental Sciences 1750 D. Cassuto Exploration 1250 L. Bergmann Medicine 2500 A. H. Hawkins Social Sciences (see anthropology, psychology, sociology) Cognitive Sciences 1000 M. Ippolito Virtual Reality and AI 1500 R. Markley Forms and Genres Poetry 1500 J. Duemer Fiction 1000 W. Everdell Drama 1000 N. Spencer Essay 1500 R. Buechler History of Science 2000 K. Neeley Biography/Autobiography 1250 L. Wagner Narrative 1250 D. Porush Metaphor, Tropes 1000 K. DePryck Satire and Humor 1000 C. Gouge Science Fiction 1000 N. Gough Popularization 1250 J. Yaross-Lee Science Reporting 910 M Bryson Scientific Article 1000 R Goldbort Popular Scientific Essay 1000 Wm. MacRae Film 750 M. McDonald Hypertext 1250 J. Bolter Themes/Issues Scientific Revolutions 2000 Dale Pratt Imagination and Creativity 1420 B. Friedman Lity Repr of Scientists 2000 R. Haynes Scientist-Authors 1790 Sid Perkowitz Art and Aesthetics 1750 Fred Turner Politics and Ideology 1500 Joe Groseclose Religion 1500 Lisa Zeitz READY REFERENCE ENTRIES ( 50 - 749 words) aeronautics/aviation/avionics 250 David Vaughan (invited) agriculture 100 David Cassuto AIDS 300 C. Amirault Akademiia Nauk SSSR, see Russian Academy of Sciences alchemy 170 E. Schenkel alcoholism 100 R. Bonk alterity 200 M. Libertin analogy 540 Sid Perkowitz animals (see Biology/Zoology) anthropology 300 anthroposophy 60 E. Schenkel arche-text 100 Paul Harris architecture 250 Paul Harris Arctic 100 Linda Bergmann argument from design 100 L. Zeitz Aristotelianism (see Aristotle) Artificial Intelligence (see Virtual Reality and AI) ASLE: Assoc. for Lit. & the Environment 100 David Cassuto astrology (see pseudosciences/occult sciences) astronauts/astronautics 250 D. Vaughan (invited) astrotheology 100 Lisa Zeitz atomic theory 150 J. Labinger autopoesis 50 S. Meyer aviation/avionics (see aeronautics) bicycle 90 E. Schenkel biodiversity 230 J. Kinch biophilia 170 J. Kinch biotechnology/genetic eng'g 250 R. Bonk black box 150 Sid Perkowitz body (see corporeality) borrowings (betw. cult / sci) 100 K. Ahmad botany 100 L. Dassow-Walls cavemen (see prehistoric man) CD ROM 50 J. Bolter Ctr for Study of Sci & the Arts (Univ of Texas-Dallas) 270 Fred Turner chaotic/dynamic systems 500 Alex Argyros Chemical Revolution (see Chemistry) chemical tables (see Chemistry) ciencia poesi'a (see sciencepoetry) city 100 Paul Harris classification systems/nomenclature 100 L. D. Walls clinical medicine (see Medicine) clock 100 Lisa Zeitz cognitive science (see topical article) colonialism (new world) 100 C. Gouge comets (see astronomy) complexity 200 Paul Harris computer games 150 E. Donaldson computer graphics 60 C. Baldwin computer networks 50 J. Bolter computers/ing 400 J. Odin conservation biology 190 J. Kinch Copernicanism (see Copernicus) corporeality (body) 200 A. Vila cosmos/cosmology 250 J. Palmeri creationism 250 Lisa Zeitz cubism 50 W. Everdell cybernetic fiction 200 David Porush cybernetics 100 J.A. Brown cyberpunk 100 June Deery cyberspace 190 June Deery cyborgs 160 June Deery Darwin in Spain 100 R. Chabran Darwinism 500 J. Carroll deconstruction 100 C. Amirault deep ecology 250 David Cassuto description (See natural description) detective fiction 100 J. Labinger determinism 250 Lisa Zeitz dinosaurs 140 Dennis R. Dean discontinuity 100 W. Everdell discovery 150 Linda Bergmann Drew University: See Program in Modern History and Literature dynamic systems (see chaotic systems) dystopias 300 June Deery early men (see prehistoric man) earthquakes/seismic activity 90 Dennis R. Dean ecocriticism 150 David Cassuto ecofeminism 150 David Cassuto ecology (See "Environment and Ecology") ecomachia 75 Robert Markley economic value 75 Fred Turner economics 100 Einsteinian science (see Einstein) electricity 50 C. Baldwin electronic bulletin boards/journals 100 J. Bolter elevators 100 Lisa Gitelman empiricism 100 M. Bryson encyclopedias/dictionaries 100 PSG Encyclope'die 50 A. Vila energy 285 S. Peterfreund engineering/engineers 150 M. McDonald Enlightenment 400 A. Vila entropy 100 J. Labinger epistemology (of sci and lit) 250 L. Arata episte'mocritique 150 Paul Harris eugenics (see biotech/gen.engineering) Exhibition of 1851 (see expositions) expanding universe (see Astronomy, cosmology) experimental novel 250 C. Baldwin experimentation (see Experimental Science, laboratory) expositions/ World's fairs 150 Lisa Gitelman extraterrestrials 200 Michael Crowe feuilleton 100 R. Buechler field theory 200 Paul Harris fossil record 170 Dennis R Dean fourth dimension 75 E. Schenkel fractals 500 A. Argyros Frankenstein (Doctor, monster) 100 R. Goldbort frontier 150 David Cassuto game theory 50 U. D'Ambrosio garden 150 David Cassuto geocentrism (see astronomy) genethic 410 Doug Russell genetic engineering (see also biotechnology, eugenics, genetics) genetics 100 M. Bryson genomics (see: ? ) geography 140 Dennis R. Dean geoheliocentrism (see astronomy) geometry (see mathematics) giants 50 Lisa Gitelman gnosticism 330 S. Peterfreund gothic(ism) 150 S. Bernstein graphic user interface/ GUIs (see computer graphics) gravity/antigravity 75 E. Schenkel gynecology 100 Mary Libertin heliocentrism (see astronomy) hermeneutics 150 Hippocratic Writings (see Hippocrates) human genome project (see biotechnology) humanism 75 D. Altegoer humor (see Satire and Humor) hypermedia (see Hypertext and all computer related topics) hypothesis 75 M. Bryson illness narratives 30 A.H. Hawkins industry 100 C. Gouge Industrial Revolution 400 N. Spencer information superhighway 150 Robert Markley information theory 250 C. Gouge interdisciplinarity 200 K DePryck inventors 200 Lisa Gitelman laboratory 200 R. Goldbort Lacanian Psychology 100 C. Amirault landscapes 200 Yves Abrioux language 300 L. Wagner lapidary lore 100 Dennis R. Dean Lit and Sci Minor, Univ.Missouri-Rolla 50 A.B. Matthews machine 100 S. Bromberg madness/insanity 50 C. Amirault magic (see: pseudosciences/occult sciences) magic realism 200 J. A. Brown maps/mapping 150 maternity 50 S. Stockton mathematical games 100 Paul Harris mechanism/ Mechl Philosophy 400 C. Baldwin medical case history 120 A.H. Hawkins medical practice (see Medicine) medical theory (see Medicine) melancholy 50 A. Vila mesmerism 50 A. Vila metaphysical poets/poetry 400 D. Altegoer meteorology 170 Dennis R. Dean microscope 120 E. Schenkel mineralogy and petrology 110 Dennis R. Dean mining and metallurgy 100 Dennis R. Dean mobius bodies 50 Mary Libertin modernism 125 W. Everdell multimedia 100 museums/collections 75 Rd. Nash music 100 J. Duemer mythology (Greco-Roman) 200 S. Bromberg narrative ethics 125 A.H. Hawkins narrative knowledge 160 A.H. Hawkins NASA (see astronautics) natural classicism 570 Fred Turner natural description 200 Linda Bergmann natural philosophy 300 Robert Markley natural theology 300 Lisa Zeitz naturalism 100 L. Cassuto Nature (see natural description, natural philosophy, nature writing) nature writing 200 J. McClintock nebular hypothesis 50 J. Palmeri neurophysiology 150 David Porush neuroscience 100 S. Meyer new world (see colonialism) Newtonianism 300 Robert Markley nomenclature (see classification systems) nonlinearity (see chaos science) noosphere 100 Yvonne Howell novatores 50 R. Chabran nuclear energy/science 100 J. Labinger number theory 75 W. Everdell objectivity 300 Robert Markley Ometeca (journal) 200 R. Catala' ontology 50 K. DePryck optics 750 S. Peterfreund orderly disorder (see Chaos Sciences) ornithology 75 Michael Bryson the Other (see alterity) outerspace 250 D. Vaughan (invited) paleontology 90 Dennis R. Dean patents 200 Lisa Gitelman pathography 140 A.H. Hawkins phonograph 150 L. Gitelman photography 100 J. Greenway physician(s)/physician-writers 240 R. Bonk physicotheology 300 L. Zeitz physick 50 D. Hellegers planetaria 150 J. Marche plurality of worlds 100 Michael Crowe pointillisme 50 W. Everdell positivism 100 M. Bryson postmodernism 200 David Porush poststructuralism 200 Joseph Carroll pragmatism 50 L. Arata pregnancy/ pregnancy loss 100 S. Stockton prehistoric man 280 Dennis R. Dean primates 100 Rd. Nash probability 200 Koen DePryck problem-solving 100 M. Ippolito Program in Mod Hist , Lit & Med Humanities (Drew Univ) 100 A. Bright progress 100 M. Bryson pseudosciences/occult sciences (See also alchemy) 200 L. Wagner psychiatry/psychology 400 C. Amirault psychoanalysis (see psychiatry/psychology) psychology (see psychiatry/psychology)) public science writing 300 Doug Russell publishing/printing/books 150 L. Wagner quantum metaphysics 100 J. Odin quantum physics 530 Sid Perkowitz race 300 L. Cassuto radioactivity 140 E. Schenkel randomness 75 W. Everdell rationality/irrationality 530 Paisley Livingston realism 100 K. Swenson reality 560 P. Livingston relativity 310 V. Dusek representation 500 D. Altegoer reproduction 50 S. Stockton Rhetoric Dept-U.Minn 75 PSG Romanticism 590 J. Duemer Royal Society 250 D. Altegoer Russian Academy of Sciences 75 Y. Howell savage (noble) 50 A. Vila Sch. of Lit., Comm. and Culture (Georgia Inst of Tech) 100 PSG Schro''dinger's cat 150 S. Perkowitz science fiction poetry 480 Fred Turner science-poetry 200 R. Catala' Science Studies Program (Penn.St) 100 PSG science/culture wars 100 J. Carroll scientific explanation 760 S. Peterfreund scientific method 100 M. Bryson scientific models/modelling 570 S. Peterfreund scientific textbooks 100 S. Weininger (invited) scientism 100 M. Bryson scientists in literature (see Literary Representations of Scientists) semiotics 60 C. Baldwin sexual orientation 75 C. Amirault social Darwinism 250 J. Carroll social ecology 150 David Cassuto sociobiology 60 V. Dusek sociology 300 space travel 100 D. Vaughan (invited) spy novel 150 Joseph Slade strange attractors 300 A. Argyros Structuralism 50 C. Amirault supernatural 280 L. Zeitz symbolism 50 W. Everdell symbolist movement 100 S. Bromberg technical writing 500 R. Goldbort technicians/technician-hero 100 M. McDonald telephone 150 L. Gitelman telescope 250 D. Altegoer television 100 Joseph Slade thermodynamics 250 J. Labinger, S.Weininger thought-experiments 150 B. Friedman time 200 Paul Harris time travel 115 E. Schenkel topographic writing (see Hypertext) topography 200 David Cassuto tragedy 500 A. Argyros travelogue 200 Linda Bergmann truth 500 Paisley Livingston turbulence 300 A. Argyros typewriter 150 L. Gitelman uncertainty principle 150 Sid Perkowitz utopias 300 June Deery Values and Sci and Tech (VAST)--Lafayette College 75 L. D. Walls virtuoso 50 D. Altegoer visual imagery 100 L. Wagner visualization 150 S. Perkowitz volcanoes 210 Dennis R. Dean war technology 50 N. Spencer water 100 David Cassuto world-making 200 Paul Harris writing-across-the-curriculum 100 C. Gouge X-ray 50 L. Gitelman INDIVIDUALS Ancient: to 500 AD Aratos of Soli (315-245 BC) 75 PSG Aristophanes (c.448-c.388 BC) 60 J. Sadashige Aristotle (384-322 BC) 150 K Boullart Marcus Tullius Cicero 50 C. Baldwin Galen (129-c200) 75 A. B. Matthews Germanicus Caesar 50 PSG Hesiod 75 S. Bromberg "Hippocrates"/ Hippocratic writings 100 A. B. Matthews Homer (c.850-800BC) 75 S. Bromberg Horace 50 K. Boullart Lucian 75 J. Palmeri Lucretius 75 P. Wilson Ovid 50 J. Sadashige Plato 150 K. Boullart Pliny the Elder 60 J. Sadashige Presocratic philosophers 150 S. Bromberg Vergil 50 J. Sadashige Marcus Pollio Vitruvius 110 K. Neeley Medieval Hildegard of Bingen 50 P. Wilson Chaucer 100 Mary Libertin Dante Alighieri 100 K. DePryck Leonardo da Vinci 100 K. DePryck Renaissance / Early Modern: (b. 1500+; death dates up to 1640) Francis Bacon 500 Roslynn Haynes Tycho Brahe 50 V. Dusek Thomas Browne 50 N. Spencer Giordano Bruno 60 V. Dusek Nicholas Copernicus 250 Ralph Buechler Rene Descartes 100 D. Altegoer John Donne 200 Desiree Hellegers William Harvey 100 A.B. Matthews Ben Jonson 100 E. Schenkel Johannes Kepler 100 S. Bromberg Christopher Marlowe 100 D. Altegoer Michel de Montaigne 340 R. Buechler A. Osiander 50 J.Greenway Paracelsus 50 V. Dusek William Shakespeare 100 D. Altegoer Edmund Spenser 75 D. Altegoer Seventeenth and Eighteenth C. Jose de Acosta 50 R. Chabran Joseph Addison 100 L. Zeitz d'Alembert (see Encyclope'die) Bartram 50 R. Dolle Aphra Behn 100 PSG John Arbuthnot 100 R. Nash William Blake 250 K.DePryck Robert Boyle 100 D. Altegoer Buffon 125 Dennis R. Dean Samuel Butler 50 PSG Margaret Cavendish 150 PSG Cervantes 50 R. Chabran Emilie Du Châtelet 100 D. Altegoer Anne Conway (see Finch) Abraham Cowley 50 D. Altegoer Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac 50 K. Boullart Erasmus Darwin 220 Dennis R. Dean Daniel Defoe 50 P. Wilson Wm Derham 150 L. Zeitz Denis Diderot 100 A. Vila John Dryden 75 Rd. Nash J. Edwards 50 R. Dolle Anne Finch 100 D. Hellegers Robert Fludd 50 V. Dusek Fontenelle 100 A. Vila Benjamin Franklin 140 Ralph Buechler Galileo Galilei 200 L. D. Walls Joseph Glanvill(e) 100 L. Zeitz Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 300 V. Dusek T. Hobbes 50 A. Bright E.T.A. Hoffman 225 R. Haynes Robert Hooke 50 M. Ippolito T. Jefferson 50 R. Dolle Samuel Johnson 100 R. Nash J. Josselyn 50 R. Dolle Georg C. Lichtenberg 150 Ralph Buechler John Locke 100 A. Vila Mikhail Lomonosov 290 Yvonne Howell C. Mather 50 R. Dolle John Milton 250 D. Altegoer Molière 430 Paisley Livingston Isaac Newton 500 S. Bromberg Novalis 50 V. Dusek Samuel Pepys 50 K. Boullart Alexander Pope 300 R. Markley Joseph Priestley 350 S. Peterfreund Rabelais 100 K. Boullart John Ray 150 Lisa Zeitz Jean Jacques Rousseau 100 A. Vila The Scriblerians 100 Richard Nash Thomas Shadwell 50 A. B. Matthews Jane Smiley 100 D. Hellegers Tobias Smollett 50 A. Matthews Mary Somerville 200 K. Neeley Thomas Sprat 50 R. Goldbort Laurence Sterne 50 R. Nash Jonathan Swift 300 R. Nash James Thomson 50 PSG Vico 50 K. Boullart Voltaire 250 A. Vila A.G. Werner 150 Dennis R. Dean Gilbert White 260 S. Peterfreund John Wilkins 200 L. Zeitz Mary Wolstonecraft 100 S. Chrystal Nineteenth C. (death dates to 1940) Henry Adams 75 Joseph Slade Elizabeth Agassiz 75 Linda Bergmann J.L.R. Agassiz 75 Linda Bergmann Matthew Arnold 100 J. Carroll Honore de Balzac 75 M. Assad/A. Vila Baudelaire 75 M. Assad Emily Bronte 75 S. Bernstein Robert Browning 150 Jacob Korg Robert Burton 50 K. Swenson Samuel Butler 600 Marian Crowe George Gordon, Lord Byron 75 W. Crisman Thomas Carlyle 60 A. Bright Robert Chambers 50 K. Swenson Anton Pavlovich Chekhov 75 K. Boullart G.K. Chesterton 50 E. Schenkel Samuel Clemens (see Mark Twain) Samuel Taylor Coleridge 100 V. Dusek William Wilkie Collins 100 L. Zeitz Joseph Conrad 400 J. Groseclose James Fenimore Cooper 110 Dennis R. Dean Charles Robert Darwin 250 J. Carroll Humphry Davy 75 V. Dusek Henry DeLaBeche 125 Dennis R. Dean Charles Dickens 100 A. Bright Emily Dickinson 320 Fred White Arthur Conan Doyle 300 R. Haynes Maria Edgeworth 50 W. Crisman Thomas Alva Edison 200 Lisa Gitelman George Eliot 250 H. Armstrong Ralph Waldo Emerson 100 S. Meyer Michael Faraday 50 K. Swenson Gustave Flaubert 100 H. Armstrong Henry Ford 150 L.Gitelman Sigmund Freud 300 C. Amirault Benito Pe'rez Galdo's 100 Dale Pratt Charlotte Perkins Gilman 50 M. Bryson Edmond and Jules Goncourt 50 K. Boullart Edmund Gosse 50 K. Swenson Thomas Hardy 250 PSG Nathaniel Hawthorne 250 R. Haynes Caroline Herschel 150 J. Korg John Herschel 150 J. Korg William Herschel 200 J. Korg Gerard Manley Hopkins 50 S. Meyer Victor-Marie Hugo 100 Maria Assad Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Heinrich, Alexander von Humboldt 75 M. Bryson James Hutton 125 Dennis R. Dean Thomas Henry Huxley 100 J.Carroll H. Ibsen 50 J. Greenway (invited) Henry James 100 S. Chrystal Wm James 100 S. Meyer John Keats 75 W.Crisman Charles Kingsley 50 A. Bright Jack London 50 J. Carroll Charles Lyell 170 Dennis R. Dean E. Bulwer Lytton 275 R. Haynes Stephane Mallarme' 50 M. Assad Thomas Malthus 50 L. Cassuto Thomas Mann 75 Mary Libertin Gideon A. Mantell 100 Dennis R. Dean Harriet Martineau 50 N. Spencer Hudson Maxim 100 L. Gitelman Herman Melville 75 Noel Gough George Meredith 170 Jacob Korg Prosper Me'rime'e 50 Maria Assad Jules Michelet 50 K. Boullart John Stuart Mill 150 Jacob Korg Hugh Miller 50 J. Paradis William Morris 75 A.Bright Josephine Peary 50 Linda Bergmann Robert Peary 50 Linda Bergmann John Playfair 100 Dennis R. Dean Edgar Allan Poe 60 W. Crisman Rd Proctor 50 Michael Crowe Marcel Proust d.1922 75 S. Bromberg Thomas DeQuincey 60 E. Schenkel Arthur Rimbaud 75 M. Assad/W. Everdell Clemence Royer 50 J. Palmeri John Ruskin 50 A. Bright Rutherford 110 Sid Perkowitz George Bernard Shaw 75 A. Bright Mary Shelley 550 R. Haynes Percy Bysshe Shelley 75 W. Crisman Herbert Spencer 50 H. Armstrong Stendhal (Beyle, Henri) 75 Maria Assad Robert Louis Stevenson 250 R. Haynes Bram Stoker 50 A. Bright A. Strindberg 50 J. Greenway (invited) Arkady & Boris Strugatsky 75 Yvonne Howell Algernon Swinburne 100 J. Paradis Alfred Tennyson 300 Jacob Korg Francis Thompson 110 Jacob Korg Henry David Thoreau 100 M. Bryson Mark Twain 300 Lisa Gitelman Jules Verne 100 S. Bromberg William Whewell 220 K. Neeley Walt Whitman 75 S. Meyer Oscar Wilde 75 A. Bright William Wordsworth 500 Jennifer FitzGerald Emile Zola` 100 A. Vila TWENTIETH C. Edward Abbey 200 J. McClintock Kathy Acker 50 E. Donaldson Diane Ackerman 150 PSG Douglas Adams 75 S. Bromberg John Allman 120 J. Duemer A.R. Ammons 110 J. Duemer John Ashbery 50 S. Meyer Isaac Asimov 50 R. Goldbort Margaret Atwood 190 June Deery Mary Austin 75 David Cassuto J. G. Ballard 50 N. Gough John Banville 75 M. MacDonald John Barth 150 David Porush Barthelme 150 David Porush Gregory Bateson 100 Paul Harris Samuel Beckett 150 David Porush Wendall Berry 150 Rod Phillips Niels Bohr 150 B. Friedman Jorge Luis Borges 300 R. Catala' Bertolt Brecht 280 Fred White David Brin 150 Fred White Pearl Buck 300 R. Haynes Wm. Burroughs 50 D. Porush Octavia Butler 50 N. Gough Santiago Ramon Y Cajal 300 Dale Pratt Italo Calvino 200 Paul Harris Karel Capek (d.1938) 250 R. Haynes Fritjof Capra 50 June Deery Ernesto Cardenal 75 R. Catala' Rachel Carson 250 David Cassuto R. Catala' 75 R. Chabran Arthur C. Clarke 50 N. Gough Robin Cook 50 R. Goldbort Robert Coover 100 David Porush Julio Cortaza'r 150 J. Andrew Brown Michael Crichton 50 R. Goldbort Francis Crick 50 M. Bryson Don DeLillo 100 Stephen Bernstein Gilles Deleuze 75 Alison Deming 60 J. Duemer Jacques Derrida 75 C. Amirault Philip Dick 50 N. Gough Carl Djerassi 50 R. Goldbort Annie Dillard 200 David Cassuto John Dos Passos 50 N. Spencer Theodore Dreiser 50 S. Chrystal Lawrence Durrell 50 M. MacDonald Friedrich Dü rrenmatt 150 Sid Perkowitz Umberto Eco 250 N. Gough Gerald Edelman 75 S. Meyer T.S. Eliot 200 S. Meyer Ralph Ellison 50 S. Bromberg Albert Einstein 500 V. Dusek Loren Eiseley 200 PSG William Faulkner 250 Paul Harris Richard P. Feynman 150 S. Perkowitz Gary Fincke 50 J. Duemer Ian Hamilton Finlay 75 Yves Abrioux Penelope Fitzgerald 50 K. Swenson Michel Foucault 75 C. Amirault Robert Frost 50 S. Meyer Carlos Fuentes 100 Dale Pratt Alice Fulton 70 J. Duemer George Gamow 50 J. Palmeri William Gibson 50 N. Gough James Gleick 50 M. Bryson Albert Goldbarth 190 J. Duemer Stephen Jay Gould 100 V. Dusek Alasdair Gray 100 S. Bernstein John Gribbin 100 June Deery Lisa Grunewald 50 PSG J.B.S. Haldane 100 Doug Russell Donna Haraway 200 June Deery Stephen Hawking 50 J. Palmeri Robert Heinlien 50 N. Gough W. Heisenberg 150 S. Perkowitz Frank Herbert 50 N Gough Francisco Hernandez 50 R. Chabran Roald Hoffman 75 J. Labinger Miroslav Holub 80 J. Duemer Fred Hoyle 50 L. Arata Aldous Huxley 200 June Deery Julian Huxley 150 June Deery Leonard Isaacs 50 R. Goldbort Robinson Jeffers 250 Rod Phillips Wm Powell Jones 110 K. Neeley James Joyce 200 S. Meyer Weldon Kees 75 PSG Harold King 50 R. Goldbort Arthur Koestler 115 E. Schenkel Nancy Kress 50 R. Goldbort Joseph Wood Krutz 110 J. McClintock Thomas Kuhn (see Revolutions/Paradigms) Bernard Lassus 100 Yves Abrioux Philip Latham (R. Richardson) 50 J. Marche Bruno Latour 150 L. D. Walls Ursula Le Guin 250 N. Gough Stanislaw Lem 75 N.Gough Aldo Leopold 210 J. McClintock C. S. Lewis 400 R. Haynes Alan Lightman 50 J. Labinger Anne Morrow Lindbergh 50 David Vaughan (invited) Barry Lopez 200 J. McClintock Amy Lowell 75 E. Donaldson A.R. Luria 75 A.H. Hawkins Benoit Mandelbrot 50 K. DePryck Gabriel Garcia Marquez 75 J. Andrew Brown Jose Marti 90 R. Catala' Michael McClure 150 R. Phillips Russell McCormmach 100 J. Duemer Thomas McMahon 50 R. Goldbort Sandra McPherson 70 J. Duemer John McPhee 320 Fred White James Merrill 75 S. Meyer Andrew Miller 50 PSG Czeslaw Milosz 160 J. Duemer Marianne Moore 75 S. Meyer Toni Morrison 75 E. Donaldson John Muir 100 Dennis R. Dean E. Munch 50 J. Greenway (invited) Valdimir Nabokov 75 Mary Libertin Gloria Naylor 50 Mary Libertin Marjorie Hope Nicolson 250 K. Neeley Frank Norris 75 L. Cassuto George Orwell 100 C. Gouge Doug Peacock 100 Rodney Lee Phillips Georges Perec 50 Paul Harris Walker Percy 100 R. Bonk Marge Piercy 100 June Deery Max Planck 150 S. Perkowitz Karl Popper 75 J. Carroll Ezra Loomis Pound 75 S. Meyer Richard Powers 50 J. Labinger Ilya Prigogine 100 David Porush Thomas Pynchon 300 Joseph Slade Robert S. Richardson (see Philip Latham) Gene Roddenberry 100 J. Palmeri Oliver Sacks 200 A.H. Hawkins Carl Sagan 200 J. Palmeri Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 75 J.A. Brown George Sarton 200 K. Neeley Richard Selzer 100 R. Bonk Sam Shepherd 50 S. Bromberg Nevil Shute 75 D. Vaughan (invited) Upton Sinclair 50 N. Spencer Martin Cruz Smith 50 R. Goldbort C.P. Snow 75 R. Goldbort Gary Snyder (poet) 100 James McClintock Gertrude Stein 100 S. Meyer John Steinbeck 200 David Cassuto Neal Stephenson 50 D. Porush Bruce Sterling 50 N. Gough Wallace Stevens 120 J. Duemer Michael Talbot 50 June Deery Lewis Thomas 100 R. Bonk Miguel de Unamuno 50 R. Chabran John Updike 50 E. Donaldson Palacio Valde's 100 Dale Pratt F. Varela 50 S. Meyer Vladimir Vernadsky 210 Y. Howell Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. 660 S. Peterfreund James Watson 100 V. Dusek H. G. Wells 310 June Deery Edith Wharton 75 S. Chrystal William Carlos Williams 100 S. Meyer E.O. Wilson 340 J. Kinch Virginia Woolf 250 M. Ippolito William Butler Yeats 220 Barton Friedman Gary Zukav 40 June Deery